Estimation of CO2 Emission Factors and Typology of Emission Types Based on physical Unit-Emission Factors for Korean Industries Using EEIOA

doi:10.15266/KEREA.2025.34.4.449

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2025 Vol.34, Issue 4 Preview Page Next Page

Research Paper

Estimation of CO₂ Emission Factors and Typology of Emission Types Based on physical Unit-Emission Factors for Korean Industries Using EEIOA EEIOA를 활용한 한국 산업별 CO₂ 배출계수 산정 및 물량단위 배출계수 기반 배출유형 분석: 신규수*‧김만영**
Kyusoo Shin* and Mannyoung Kim**; *사단법인 희스트 연구위원, 제1저자(e-mail: shiney0502@gmail.com)
**사단법인 희스트 부회장, 교신저자(e-mail: mannkim3803@gmail.com)

*Research fellow, HEEST, First author (e-mail: shiney0502@gmail.com)
**Vice Chairman, HEEST, Corresponding author (e-mail: mannkim3803@gmail.com)

31 December 2025. pp. 449-477

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Abstract

This study estimated scope-specific CO₂ emission factors, including supply chain and margin emission factors, for basic sectors based on Korea’s 2020 actual input-output tables and revised extended Energy Balances, following the IPCC 2006 guidelines. For the first time, physical unit-based CO₂ emission factors for export commodities were derived. The research process consisted of four steps: (1) calculating sectoral CO₂ emissions from energy combustion, industrial processes, and waste incineration; (2) deriving monetary emission factors by emission scope (Scope 1, Scope 2, Scope 3, supply chain, and margin); (3) estimating physical unit emission factors using Korea Customs Service trade data and HS code concordance with the input-output table; and (4) classifying emission types through cluster analysis. The clustering results categorized commodities into three emission types: direct emission type, margin type, and indirect emission type. Notably, margin type (25.59%) and indirect emission type (55.51%) combined accounted for 82.0% of the total, confirming the importance of distribution and supply chain management. The EEIOA-based physical unit emission factors serve as a cost-effective alternative that complements the data limitations and cost burden of process-based LCA. Future research should expand the analysis to include the six major greenhouse gases, water and air pollution, and other environmental impact categories.

Keywords

Environmentally Extended Input-Output Analysis

CO₂ emission factors

Physical unit

Scope-Specific emission factors

Emission type classification

본 연구에서는 2020년 한국 실측 산업연관표와 개정 확장에너지밸런스를 활용하여 IPCC 2006 지침에 따라 기본 부문의 배출범위별 CO₂ 배출계수와 공급망‧마진 배출계수를 산정하고, 수출 품목에 대한 물량단위 CO₂ 배출계수를 최초로 제시하였다. 연구는 (1) 에너지 연소‧산업공정‧폐기물 소각에 따른 부문별 CO₂ 배출량 산정, (2) Scope 1‧Scope 2‧Scope 3 및 공급망‧마진 배출계수 산출, (3) 관세청 수출입 실적과 산업연관표 HS 코드 매칭을 활용한 물량단위 배출계수 도출, (4) 군집분석을 통한 배출유형 분류의 네 단계로 구성된다. 분석 결과, 기본 부문 품목은 직접배출형, 마진형, 간접배출형의 세 유형으로 분류되었으며, 마진(25.59%)과 간접배출형(55.51%)이 전체의 82.0%를 차지해 유통과 공급망 관리의 중요성이 확인되었다. EEIOA 기반 물량단위 배출계수는 공정 기반 LCA의 데이터 한계와 비용 부담을 보완하는 비용효율적 대안으로서, 향후 6대 온실가스 및 물‧대기오염 등 환경영향 범주로 확대할 필요가 있다.

키워드

환경확장 투입-산출분석(EEIOA)

CO₂ 배출계수

물량단위

배출범위별 배출계수

배출유형 분류

References

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Peters, G. P., and E. G. Hertwich, “The Importance of Imports for Household Environmental Impacts,” Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2006, pp. 89~109. 10.1162/jiec.2006.10.3.89
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Strømman, A. H., C. Solli, and E. G. Hertwich, “Hybrid Life-Cycle Assessment of Natural Gas Based Fuel Chains for Transportation,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 40, No. 8, 2006, pp. 2797~2804. 10.1021/es0511523
Suh, S., and S. Kagawa, “Industrial Ecology and Input-Output Economics: An Introduction,” Economic Systems Research, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2005, pp. 349~364. 10.1080/09535310500283476
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Information

Publisher :Environmental and Resource Economics Review
Publisher(Ko) :자원 · 환경경제연구
Journal Title :자원·환경경제연구
Journal Title(Ko) :Environmental and Resource Economics Review
Volume : 34
No :4
Pages :449-477
DOI :https://doi.org/10.15266/KEREA.2025.34.4.449

[1] 대한민국 정부, “’35년까지 18년 대비 온실가스 53%~61% 감축”, 대한민국 정책, 브리핑, 2025. https://www.korea.kr/briefing/policyBriefingView.do?newsId=156727454

[2] 박유진‧김준범‧경대승‧박흥석, “환경산업연관분석 (EEIOA) 을 이용한 경제 부문별 온실가스 배출량 특성분석”, ｢대한환경공학회지｣, 제44권 제9호, 대한환경공학회, 2022. 9.

[3] 에너지경제연구원, “개정 에너지밸런스_확장밸런스”, 국가에너지통계종합정보시스템, 2022.

[4] 이성규‧권태현‧이주희‧전의찬, “소비기준 온실가스 배출량 산정을 위한 고해상도 환경산업연관분석 모델 개발”, ｢한국기후변화학회지｣, 제15권 제5-1호, 한국기후변화학회, 2024. 10.

[5] 주수현‧김종욱‧이선영‧남호석‧강민주, “부산지역 탄소 영향 평가 모델 구축 및 활용 방안 – CO₂ 산업연관표 분석을 중심으로”, 연구보고서 기본연구, 2022.

[6] 환경부 온실가스종합정보센터, “2022 국가 온실가스 인벤토리 보고서”, 환경부 온실가스종합정보센터, 2022.

[7] CDP. Scope-3 Upstream: Big Challenges, Simple Remedies, 2023. https://cdn.cdp.net/cdp-production/cms/reports/documents/000/007/834/original/Scope-3-Upstream-Report.pdf

[8] CMCC Foundation, G20 climate risk atlas: Impacts, policy, economics, 2021. https://www.g20climaterisks.org/republic-of-korea/

[9] Frosch, R. A., and N. E. Gallopoulos, “Strategies for Manufacturing,” Scientific American, Vol. 261, No. 3, 1989, pp. 144~153. 10.1038/scientificamerican0989-144

[10] Hanaka, T., S. Kagawa, H. Ono, and K. Kanemoto, “Finding Environmentally Critical Transmission Sectors, Transactions, and Paths in Global Supply Chain Networks,” Energy Economics, Vol. 68, 2017, pp. 44~52. 10.1016/j.eneco.2017.09.012

[11] Ingwersen, W. W., and M. Li, “Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for US Industries and Commodities,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-20/001, 2020. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=CESER&dirEntryId=349324

[12] Ingwersen, W. W., M. Li, B. Young, J. Vendries, and C. Birney, “USEEIO v2.0, The US Environmentally-Extended Input-Output Model v2.0,” Scientific Data, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022, p. 194. 10.1038/s41597-022-01293-7 35504895 PMC9065037

[13] Kagawa, S., S. Okamoto, S. Suh, Y. Kondo, and K. Nansai, “Finding Environmentally Important Industry Clusters: Multiway Cut Approach Using Nonnegative Matrix Factorization,” Social Networks, Vol. 35, No. 3, 2013, pp. 423~438. 10.1016/j.socnet.2013.04.009

[14] Lenzen, M., L. L. Pade, and J. Munksgaard, “CO₂ Multipliers in Multi-region Input-Output Models,” Economic Systems Research, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2004, pp. 391~412. 10.1080/0953531042000304272

[15] Miller, R. E., and P. D. Blair, Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions, Cambridge University Press. 2009. 10.1017/CBO9780511626982

[16] Nakamura, S., and Y. Kondo, “Input‐Output Analysis of Waste Management,” Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2002, pp. 39~63. 10.1162/108819802320971632

[17] Peters, G. P., and E. G. Hertwich, “The Importance of Imports for Household Environmental Impacts,” Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2006, pp. 89~109. 10.1162/jiec.2006.10.3.89

[18] Steubing, B., A. De Koning, S. Merciai, and A. Tukker, “How Do Carbon Footprints from LCA and EEIOA Databases Compare? A Comparison of Ecoinvent and EXIOBASE,” Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol. 26, No. 4, 2022, pp. 1406~1422. 10.1111/jiec.13271

[19] Strømman, A. H., C. Solli, and E. G. Hertwich, “Hybrid Life-Cycle Assessment of Natural Gas Based Fuel Chains for Transportation,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 40, No. 8, 2006, pp. 2797~2804. 10.1021/es0511523

[20] Suh, S., and S. Kagawa, “Industrial Ecology and Input-Output Economics: An Introduction,” Economic Systems Research, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2005, pp. 349~364. 10.1080/09535310500283476

[21] Yang, Y., Y. Park, T. M. Smith, T. Kim, and H. S. Park, “High-Resolution Environmentally Extended Input–Output Model to Assess the Greenhouse Gas Impact of Electronics in South Korea,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 56, No. 4, 2022, pp. 2107~2114. 10.1021/acs.est.1c05451

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