Convergence in Per Capita CO2 Emission by Income Group

doi:10.15266/KEREA.2019.28.1.001

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2019 Vol.28, Issue 1 Next Page

Research Paper

Convergence in Per Capita CO₂ Emission by Income Group 국가별 소득수준에 따른 1인당 CO₂ 배출량 수렴 분석: 조향숙*
Hyangsuk Cho*; *성균관대학교 경제학과, 박사과정, 교신저자(e-mail: hscho2014@skku.edu)

*Ph.D Candidate, Department of Economics, Sungkyunkwan University, Corresponding author(e-mail: hscho2014@skku.edu)

31 March 2019. pp. 1~37

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Abstract

This study investigates the convergence in per capita CO₂ emission by income group for an unbalanced panel of 152 countries from 1980 to 2013 using beta and sigma convergence model. Absolute beta and sigma convergence differed by CO₂ emission reduction policies in each countries. Conditional beta convergence shows that per capita income has a negative effect on growth in per capita CO₂ emission. In particular, better-quality institutions and technology accelerated the negative effect of per capita income on the speed of convergence of per capita CO₂ emission in high-income countries. For middle-income countries, the growth of income affected the convergence of CO₂ emission per capita, but institutional quality has an insignificant impact. On the other hand, improvements in the level of technology have a mitigating effect on the negative impact of income in middle-income and low-income countries, contributing to the increase in CO₂ emission.

Keywords

Convergence

CO₂ emission

Beta convergence

Sigma convergence

Institutions

level of technology

본 연구는 152개 국가의 불균형 패널 자료를 활용하여 1980~2013년 기간의 국가별 소득수준에 따른 1인당 CO₂ 배출 수렴 현상을 시그마 수렴 모형과 베타 수렴 모형을 통해 분석하였다. 절대적 베타 수렴과 시그마 수렴 현상은 CO₂ 배출 감축을 위한 국가별 정책 상황에 따라 소득 그룹별로, 기간별로 상이하게 나타났다. 조건부 베타 수렴 분석 결과, 고소득 국가에서 1인당 소득의 증가가 1인당 CO₂ 배출량 수렴에 기여하였으며 제도의 수준과 기술의 수준이 높을수록 소득의 증가가 배출량 수렴 속도를 더 빠르게 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 중소득 국가는 1인당 소득의 증가가 1인당 CO₂ 배출량 수렴에 영향을 미쳤으나, 제도의 수준은 유의미하지 않게 나타났다. 반면 중소득 국가와 저소득 국가의 기술 수준 향상은 1인당 CO₂ 배출량 수렴 속도를 늦추는 것으로 나타나 배출량 증가에 기여하는 것으로 분석되었다.

키워드

1인당 CO₂ 배출 수렴

베타 수렴

시그마 수렴

제도

기술수준

References

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에너지경제연구원, 『세계에너지시장인사이트』, 제17-7호, 2017.
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Panopoulou, E. and T. Pantelidis, “Club Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions,” Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 44, No. 1, 2009, pp. 47~70.10.1007/s10640-008-9260-6
Pettersson, F., D. Maddison, S. Acar, and R. Söderholm, “Convergence of Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A Review of the Literature,” International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2014, pp. 141~178.10.1561/101.00000059
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Information

Publisher :Environmental and Resource Economics Review
Publisher(Ko) :자원 · 환경경제연구
Journal Title :자원·환경경제연구
Journal Title(Ko) :Environmental and Resource Economics Review
Volume : 28
No :1
Pages :1~37
DOI :https://doi.org/10.15266/KEREA.2019.28.1.001

[1] 조성택‧조용성, “이산화탄소 배출량의 수렴성 검정: 다이나믹 패널 분석과 패널 단위근 검정을 이용하여”, ｢자원‧환경경제연구｣, 제18권 제1호, 2009, pp. 53~75.

[2] 김지욱, “아시아 국가들 환경오염배출량의 확률수렴성과 환경쿠즈네츠곡선가설 검정”, ｢자원‧환경경제연구｣, 제19권 제3호, 2010, pp. 571~598.

[3] 김지욱, “경제성장과 환경오염 간의 비선형 및 수렴성 검정”, ｢한국경제연구｣, 제31권 제3호, 2013, pp. 239~266.

[4] 김재혁‧조하현, “1인당 탄소배출 수렴가설 검정: 105개국 동태적 패널임계 분석”, ｢국제통상연구｣, 제22권 제1호, 2017, pp. 123~154.

[5] 대외정책연구원, 『기후변화협상의 국제적 동향과 시사점』, 2009.

[6] 에너지경제연구원, 『새로운 기후체제에 대한 주요국의 입장』, 2009.

[7] 에너지경제연구원, 『세계에너지시장인사이트』, 제17-7호, 2017.

[8] 환경부, 『교토의정서 이후 신 기후체제 파리협정 길라잡이』, 2016.

[9] Aghion, P., and P. Howitt, Endogenous Growth Theory, Cambridge MA, 1998.

[10] Aldy, J. E., “Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Convergencfe or Divergence?,” Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 33, No. 4, 2006, pp. 533~555.10.1007/s10640-005-6160-x

[11] Barro, R. J., and X. Sala-i-Martin, “Convergence Across States and Regions,” Brookings Paper on Economics Activity, Vol. 1991, No. 1, 1991, pp. 107~182.10.2307/2534639

[12] Barro, R. J., and X. Sala-i-Martin, “Convergence,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 100, No. 2, 1992, pp. 223~251.10.1086/261816

[13] Barro, R. J., and X. Sala-i-Martin, “The Classical Approach to Convergence Analysis,” The Economic Journal, Vol. 106, No. 437, 1996, pp. 1019~1036.10.2307/2235375

[14] Baumol, W. J., “Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: What the Long-Run Data Show,” American Economic Review, Vol. 76, No. 5, 1986, pp. 1072~1085.

[15] Brock, W. A., and M. S. Taylor, “The kindergarten rule of sustainable growth,” NBER Working Paper, No. 9597, 2003.

[16] Brock, W. A., and M. S. Taylor, “The Green Solow model,” NBER Working Paper, 2004a.

[17] Brock, W. A., and M. S. Taylor, “Economic growth and the Environment: A Review of Theory and Empirics,” NBER Working Paper, 2004b.

[18] Brock, W. A., and M. S. Taylor, “The Green Solow Model,” Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2010, pp. 127~153.10.1007/s10887-010-9051-0

[19] Camarero, M., A. J. Picazo-Tadeo, and C. Tamarit, “Are the Determinants of CO₂ Emissions Converging among OECD Countries?,” Economics Letters, Vol. 118, No. 1, 2013a, pp. 159~162.10.1016/j.econlet.2012.10.009

[20] IEA, CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion, 2016.

[21] Jobert, T., F. Karanfil, and A. Tykhonenko, “Convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions in the EU: Legend or reality?,” Energy Economics, Vol. 32, No. 6, 2010, pp. 1364~1373.10.1016/j.eneco.2010.03.005

[22] Mckibbin, W. J. and A. Stegman, “Convergence and Per Capita Carbon Emissions,” Brookings Discussion Papers in International Economics, No. 167, 2005.

[23] Nguyen Van, P., “Distribution Dynamics of CO₂ Emissions,” Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 32, No. 4, 2005, pp. 495~508.10.1007/s10640-005-7687-6

[24] Panopoulou, E. and T. Pantelidis, “Club Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions,” Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 44, No. 1, 2009, pp. 47~70.10.1007/s10640-008-9260-6

[25] Pettersson, F., D. Maddison, S. Acar, and R. Söderholm, “Convergence of Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A Review of the Literature,” International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2014, pp. 141~178.10.1561/101.00000059

[26] Runar, B., K. Amin, and S, Patrik, “Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions and the Role of Growth and Institutions: A Parametric and Nonparametric analysis,” Environmental and Policy Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2017, pp. 359~390.10.1007/s10018-016-0162-5

[27] Sala-i-Martin, X., “The Classical Approach to Convergence Analysis,” The Economic Journal, Vol. 106, No. 437, 1996, pp. 1019~1036.10.2307/2235375

[28] Solow, R. M., “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 70, No. 1, 1956, pp. 65~94.10.2307/1884513

[29] Swan, T. W., “Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation,” Economic Record, Vol. 32, No. 2, 1956, pp. 334~361.10.1111/j.1475-4932.1956.tb00434.x

[30] Stokey, N. L., “Are there Limits to Growth?,” International Economic Review, Vol. 39, No. 1, 1998, pp. 1-31.10.2307/2527228

[31] Strazicich, M. and J. A. List, “Are CO₂ Emissions Levels Converging Among Industrial Countries?,” Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2003, pp. 263~271.10.1023/A:1022910701857

[32] World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2017.

[33] World Bank, World Governance Indicators, 2017.

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