Measuring Willingness to Pay for PM10 Risk Reductions: Evidence from Averting Expenditures for Anti-PM10

doi:10.15266/KEREA.2019.28.3.355

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2019 Vol.28, Issue 3 Preview Page Next Page

Research Paper

Measuring Willingness to Pay for PM₁₀ Risk Reductions: Evidence from Averting Expenditures for Anti-PM₁₀ 미세먼지 건강위험 감소에 대한 지불의사 측정: 마스크 착용과 공기청정기 사용에 따른 회피비용을 중심으로: 엄영숙*, 김진옥**, 안소은***
Young Sook Eom*, Jin Ok Kim** and So Eun Ahn***; *전북대학교 경제학부 교수, 지속가능발전센터 연구원, 제1저자 및 교신저자(e-mail: yeom@jbnu.ac.kr)
**통계청 통계개발연구원 주무관, 공동저자(e-mail: jokim124@korea.kr)
***한국환경정책․평가연구원 지속가능전략연구부 선임연구위원, 공동저자(e-mail: seahn@kei.re.kr)

*Professor in the Department of Economics, Researcher in Sustainable Development Center, Chonbuk National University, First and Corresponding author(e-mail: yeom@jbnu.ac.kr)
**Assistant Director in Statistics Research Institute, Statistics Korea, Co-author(e-mail: jokim124@korea.kr)
***Chief Research Fellow in Korean Environmental Institute, Co-author(e-mail: seahn@kei.re.kr)

30 September 2019. pp. 355~383

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Abstract

This study is to investigate whether averting costs for wearing anti-PM₁₀ masks and using air purifiers at home to reduce exposure from PM₁₀ are influenced by subjective risk perceptions and/or objective PM₁₀ concentration levels, whose estimates will be used to measure the willingness to pay for PM₁₀ risk reduction. An empirical analysis was conducted on a sample of 1,224 respondents who participated in the web-based survey in the late October of 2017. As we reflect the potential endogeniety bias in the estimation of averting cost functions of using air purifiers, the coefficients of risk perception were differed by 6~7 times. Respondents. subjective risk perceptions were influenced by individuals’ knowledge, attitudes and demographic variables, as well as the levels of PM₁₀ concentrations in their residential region. The marginal willingness to pay for risk reductions at the mean levels of their risk perceptions were measured at 1,000 won per month from wearing anti-PM₁₀ masks and 6,000 won for using air purifiers respectively.

Keywords

Risk perceptions from exposure to PM₁₀

averting behavior method(ABM)

Wearing anti-PM₁₀ masks and using air purifiers

instrument variable approach

본 연구는 미세먼지(PM₁₀) 노출로 인한 건강위험을 줄이기 위한 소비재인 마스크 착용과 내구재인 공기청정기 사용에 따른 회피비용지출이 개인들의 주관적 위험인지 혹은 객관적 미세먼지 농도에 영향을 받는지 실증분석을 수행하고 미세먼지 위험감소에 대한 지불의사를 측정하였다. 회피비용함수 추정에 있어서 위험인지의 내생변수 가능성을 고려하여 도구변수접근법을 이용하여 2단계 추정방법과 결합추정방법을 시도하였다. 2017년 10월 후반에 실시된 웹설문조사에 참여한 1,224명의 분석표본을 대상으로 실증분석 결과, 마스크 착용 비용함수의 경우 위험인지변수의 외생성 가정을 기각할 수 없는 반면에, 공기청정기 사용 비용함수의 경우 내생성 편의를 고려할 경우 위험인지변수의 계수추정치가 6~7배 높은 것으로 나타났다. 주관적 위험인지 수준이 높을수록 마스크 착용이나 공기청정기 사용 비용지출도 높은 것으로 나타났으나 미세먼지 농도는 주관적 위험인지를 통해서 간접적으로 회피비용지출에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 위험인지 평균에서 1단위 감소에 대한 한계지불의사는 마스크 착용의 경우 월평균 1,000원 그리고 공기청정기 사용의 경우 월평균 6,000원 정도로 측정되었다.

키워드

미세먼지 건강위험

회피행동접근법

마스크 착용

공기청정기 사용

도구변수접근법

지불의사

References

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신영철, “대기오염으로 인한 건강효과의 경제적 비용-급성 호흡기질환 회래환자를 중심으로”, ｢자원환경경제연구｣, 제11권 제4호, 2002, pp. 659~687.
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한국개발연구원, 『예비타당성조사 수행을 위한 일반지침 수정·보완 연구(제5판)』, 한국개발연구원. 2008.
Bartik, T. J., “Evaluating the benefits of nonmarginal reductions in pollution using information on defensive expenditures,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 15, 1988, pp. 111~127.10.1016/0095-0696(88)90032-0
Berger, M. C., G. C. Blomquist, D. Kenkel, and G. S. Tolley, “Valuing changes in health risks: A comparison of alternate measures,” Southern Economic journal, 1987, pp. 967~984.10.2307/1059689
Bresnahan, B. W., M. Dickie, and S. Gerking, “averting behavior and urban air pollution,” Land Economics, Vol. 73, No. 3, 1997, pp. 340~357. 10.2307/3147172
Cameron, A. C. and P. K. Trivedi, Microeconometrics: Methods and Applications, Cambridge University press, 2005.10.1017/CBO9780511811241
U.S. Department of Energy, “Speciﬁcation for HEPA ﬁlters used by DOE contractors.” DOE TECHNICAL STANDARD DOE-STD-3020-2005, Washington, D.C., 2005
Dickie, M., S. Gerking, W. Schulze, A. Coulson, and D. Tashkin, “Value of symptoms of ozone exposure: An application of the averting behavior method Vol.Ⅱ,” in Improving Accuracy and Reducing Costs of Environmental Benefit Assessments, final report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cooperative Agreement #CR-812054-01-2(unpubl.), 1987.
Dickie, M. and S. Gerking, “Formation of Risk Beliefs, Joint Production and Willingness to Pay to Avoid Skin Cancer,” Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 78, No. 3, 1996, pp. 451~463.10.2307/2109792
Eom, Y. S., “Health risks in food products, learning opportunity and values of risk information: An application of self-protection model,” Korean Economic Review, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1997, pp. 193~213.
Freeman, A. M., The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values: Theory and Methods, Resource for the Future, Washington D.C., USA, 2003.
Gerking, S. and L. R. Stanley, “An economic anlaysis of air pollution and health: The case of St. Louis,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 68, No. 1, 1986, pp. 115~121.10.2307/1924934
Green, W. H., Econometrics, Pearson Publishing Co. 2008.
Ito, K. and S. Zhang, “Willingness to pay for clean air: Evidence from air purifier markets in china”, the National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 22367, 2016.10.3386/w22367
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Lanphear, B., R. Hornung, J. Khoury, K. Yolton, M. Lierl, and A. Kalkbrenner, “Effects of HEPA air cleaners on unscheduled asthma visits and asthma symptoms for children exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke.” Pediatrics, Vol. 127, No. 1, 2011, pp. 93~101.10.1542/peds.2009-231221149427PMC3010094
Liu, T., G. He. and A. Lau., “Avoidance behavior against air pollution: evidence from online search indices for anti-PM_2.5 masks and air filters in Chinese cities,” Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2018, pp. 325~363.10.1007/s10018-017-0196-3
Lloyd-Smith, P., C. Schram, W. Adamowicz, and D. Dupont, “Endogeneity of risk perceptions in averting behavior methods,” Environmental Resource Economics, Vol. 69, 2018, pp. 217~246.10.1007/s10640-016-0075-6
Neidell, M., “Information, avoidance behavior, and health: the effect of ozone on asthma hospitalizations,” Journal of Human Resource, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2009, pp. 450~478.10.1353/jhr.2009.0018
Slovic, P., B. Fischhoff, and S. Liechtenstein, “Regulation of risk: A psychological perspective,” in Regulator Policy and the Social Science, ed. R. Noll. Berkeley, University if California Press, 1985.
Slovic, P., M. L. Finucane, E. Petere, and D. G. MacGregor, “Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: Some thoughts about affect, reason, risk and rationality,” Risk Analysis, Vol. 24, 2004, pp. 311~322.10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00433.x15078302
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Information

Publisher :Environmental and Resource Economics Review
Publisher(Ko) :자원 · 환경경제연구
Journal Title :자원·환경경제연구
Journal Title(Ko) :Environmental and Resource Economics Review
Volume : 28
No :3
Pages :355~383
DOI :https://doi.org/10.15266/KEREA.2019.28.3.355

[1] 매일경제, “한국은 글로벌 공기청정기 각축장”, 2019.01.23. https://www.mk.co.kr/news/business/view/2019/01/48571, 2019.06.12. 접속

[2] 매일경제, “마스크 벌써 1년치 팔렸다”, 2019.03.07. https://www.mk.co.kr/news/economy/view/2019/03/136633, 2019.06.12. 접속

[3] 브랜드 타임즈, “미세먼지 경제학, Airnomics vs. Brandnomics”, 2019.01.27. http://www.brandtimes.co.kr/news, 2019.0612 접속

[4] CBS 노컷 뉴스, ‘공기청정기’ 미세먼지 효과 논란 종식?… 효율실험서 80%제거, 2019.04.22. https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/5138807, 2019.06.12 접속

[5] 식품의약품안전처, ‘보건용 마스크 구입요령,’ 2018.03 http://www.nifds.go.kr/brd/m_21, 2019.06.12 접속

[6] 신동천, “미세먼지의 건강 영향”, 한국의 사회동향 2017, 2017, pp. 92~97.

[7] 신영철, “대기오염으로 인한 건강효과의 경제적 비용-급성 호흡기질환 회래환자를 중심으로”, ｢자원환경경제연구｣, 제11권 제4호, 2002, pp. 659~687.

[8] 안소은 『빅데이터를 이용한 대기오염의 건강영향평가 및 피해비용 추정(III)』, 환경정책평가연구원, 2017.

[9] 안소은 『환경·경제 통합분석을 위한 환경가치 종합연구-2018 국민환경의식조사』, 환경정책평가연구원, 2018.

[10] 엄영숙·최원철 “환경위험의 다면성과 일반인들의 주관적 위험인지: 쓰레기 소각시설로부터의 건강위험을 사례로”, ｢환경정책｣, 제12권 제2호, 2004, pp. 5~34.

[11] 엄영숙, “대기오염이 건강에 미치는 영향에 대한 가치평가: 회피행위접근법을 사용하여”, ｢환경경제연구｣, 제7권 제1호, 1998, pp. 1~23.

[12] 엄영숙‧오형나, “미세먼지 건강위험과 회피행동: 야외여가활동수요 감소를 사례로”, ｢경제학연구｣, 제67권 2호, 2019, pp. 39~70.

[13] 환경부, 『미세먼지 도대체 뭘까』, 2016.4.

[14] 환경부, 『미세먼지 관리 종합대책』, 국무조정실 등 관계부처 합동, 2017.9.26.

[15] 환경부, 『환경백서』, 2018.

[16] 환경부, “미세먼지 예보제”, 대기환경정보 사이트(https://airkorea.or.kr), 2019a.

[17] 환경부, “미세먼지 특별법이 시행되면 무엇이 달라질까?” 2019b.

[18] 한국개발연구원, 『예비타당성조사 수행을 위한 일반지침 수정·보완 연구(제5판)』, 한국개발연구원. 2008.

[19] Bartik, T. J., “Evaluating the benefits of nonmarginal reductions in pollution using information on defensive expenditures,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 15, 1988, pp. 111~127.10.1016/0095-0696(88)90032-0

[20] Berger, M. C., G. C. Blomquist, D. Kenkel, and G. S. Tolley, “Valuing changes in health risks: A comparison of alternate measures,” Southern Economic journal, 1987, pp. 967~984.10.2307/1059689

[21] Bresnahan, B. W., M. Dickie, and S. Gerking, “averting behavior and urban air pollution,” Land Economics, Vol. 73, No. 3, 1997, pp. 340~357. 10.2307/3147172

[22] Cameron, A. C. and P. K. Trivedi, Microeconometrics: Methods and Applications, Cambridge University press, 2005.10.1017/CBO9780511811241

[23] U.S. Department of Energy, “Speciﬁcation for HEPA ﬁlters used by DOE contractors.” DOE TECHNICAL STANDARD DOE-STD-3020-2005, Washington, D.C., 2005

[24] Dickie, M., S. Gerking, W. Schulze, A. Coulson, and D. Tashkin, “Value of symptoms of ozone exposure: An application of the averting behavior method Vol.Ⅱ,” in Improving Accuracy and Reducing Costs of Environmental Benefit Assessments, final report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cooperative Agreement #CR-812054-01-2(unpubl.), 1987.

[25] Dickie, M. and S. Gerking, “Formation of Risk Beliefs, Joint Production and Willingness to Pay to Avoid Skin Cancer,” Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 78, No. 3, 1996, pp. 451~463.10.2307/2109792

[26] Eom, Y. S., “Health risks in food products, learning opportunity and values of risk information: An application of self-protection model,” Korean Economic Review, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1997, pp. 193~213.

[27] Freeman, A. M., The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values: Theory and Methods, Resource for the Future, Washington D.C., USA, 2003.

[28] Gerking, S. and L. R. Stanley, “An economic anlaysis of air pollution and health: The case of St. Louis,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 68, No. 1, 1986, pp. 115~121.10.2307/1924934

[29] Green, W. H., Econometrics, Pearson Publishing Co. 2008.

[30] Ito, K. and S. Zhang, “Willingness to pay for clean air: Evidence from air purifier markets in china”, the National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 22367, 2016.10.3386/w22367

[31] Kim, J. H., H. J. Kim, and S. H. Yoo, “Public value of enforcing the PM_2.5 Concentration Reduction Policy in South Korean Urban Areas,” Sustainability, Vol. 10, 2018, pp. 1144.10.3390/su10041144

[32] Lanphear, B., R. Hornung, J. Khoury, K. Yolton, M. Lierl, and A. Kalkbrenner, “Effects of HEPA air cleaners on unscheduled asthma visits and asthma symptoms for children exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke.” Pediatrics, Vol. 127, No. 1, 2011, pp. 93~101.10.1542/peds.2009-231221149427PMC3010094

[33] Liu, T., G. He. and A. Lau., “Avoidance behavior against air pollution: evidence from online search indices for anti-PM_2.5 masks and air filters in Chinese cities,” Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2018, pp. 325~363.10.1007/s10018-017-0196-3

[34] Lloyd-Smith, P., C. Schram, W. Adamowicz, and D. Dupont, “Endogeneity of risk perceptions in averting behavior methods,” Environmental Resource Economics, Vol. 69, 2018, pp. 217~246.10.1007/s10640-016-0075-6

[35] Neidell, M., “Information, avoidance behavior, and health: the effect of ozone on asthma hospitalizations,” Journal of Human Resource, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2009, pp. 450~478.10.1353/jhr.2009.0018

[36] Slovic, P., B. Fischhoff, and S. Liechtenstein, “Regulation of risk: A psychological perspective,” in Regulator Policy and the Social Science, ed. R. Noll. Berkeley, University if California Press, 1985.

[37] Slovic, P., M. L. Finucane, E. Petere, and D. G. MacGregor, “Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: Some thoughts about affect, reason, risk and rationality,” Risk Analysis, Vol. 24, 2004, pp. 311~322.10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00433.x15078302

[38] Whitehead, J. C., “Improving willingness to pay estimates for quality improvements through joint estimation with quality perceptions,” Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 73, No. 1, 2006, pp. 100~111.10.2307/20111876

[39] Wooldridge, J. M., Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach, Cambridge, MA, 2008.

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